Missing Carbon Reductions? Exploring Rebound and Backfire Effects in Uk Households

Druckman, A., M. Chitnis, S. Sorrell and T. Jackson (2011). "Missing carbon reductions? Exploring rebound and backfire effects in UK households " Energy Policy 39: 3572–3581. ________________________________________________ Missing carbon reductions? Exploring rebound and backfire effects in UK households Angela Druckman, Mona Chitnis, Steve Sorrell and Tim Jackson Affiliations ESRC Research Group on Lifestyles, Values and Environment (RESOLVE),University of Surrey, UK. Sussex Energy Group,University of Sussex, UK. Corresponding author: Angela Druckman, RESOLVE, University of Surrey (D3), Guildford GU2 7XH, UK. [email protected]; Tel: +44 (0)1483 686679; Fax: +44 (0)1483 686671 Abstract Households are expected to play a pivotal role in reducing the UK’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the UK Government is encouraging specific household actions to help meet its targets. However, due to the rebound effect, only a portion of the GHG emission reductions estimated by simple engineering calculations are generally achieved in practice. For example, replacing short car journeys by walking or cycling reduces consumption of motor fuels. But this frees up money that may be spent on, for example, purchasing extra clothes or flying on vacation. Alternatively, the money may be put into savings. Since all of these options lead to GHG emissions, total GHG savings may be less than anticipated. Indeed, in some instances, emissions may increase – a phenomenon known as ‘backfire’. We estimate that the rebound effect for a combination of three abatement actions by UK households is approximately 34%. Targeting re‐spending on goods and services with a low GHG intensity reduces this to a minimum of around 12%, while re‐ spending on goods and services with a high GHG intensity leads to backfire. Our study highlights the importance of shifting consumption to lower GHG intensive categories and investing in low carbon investments.